Publications
Scottish Health Boards' Dental Epidemiological Programme
Report of the 1996/97 Survey of 12 Year Old Children
Appendices
Appendix A Personnel involved in the survey I Appendix B Training and calibration Appendix C Inter and intra-examiner agreement Appendix D Codes used for assessment of caries and sealants Appendix E Abbreviations used for Health Boards Appendix F Comparison of D3MFT in 1992/93 and 1996/97 with confidence limits Appendix G Tooth and surface caries results and dental trauma Appendix H Deciduous dentition Appendix I Oral cleanliness Appendix J Developmental defects of enamel (SCOTS2/DDE) Appendix K Orthodontic assessment Appendix L Map of D3MFT results for 12 year olds in Scotland, 1996/97 Appendix M Map of D3MFT results for 12 year olds in Great Britain, 1992/93
List of Tables
C1 Inter-dentist agreement from calibration trial C2 Intra-dentist agreement from survey G1 Caries data, by surface, for each Health Board G2 Distribution of decay by tooth surface H1 Presence of deciduous teeth, by Health Board I1 Plaque scores for each Health Board J1 Frequency of demarcated opacities, diffuse opacities and hypoplasias J2 Frequency of individual SCOTS2/DDE classifications by Health Board J3 Extent and symmetry of developmental defects K1 Proportion of children with an orthodontic treatment need, by Health Board
List of Figures
F1 Decayed, missing and filled teeth (D3MFT) in 1992/93 and 1996/97 with confidence limits G3 Distribution of caries experience by tooth surface
Appendix A
Personnel involved in the survey of 12 year olds
| CADOs/Consultants(or their representatives) | Health Board |
|---|---|
| Mr P Sweeney (representative) | Argyll and Clyde |
| Mr D McCall | Ayrshire and Arran |
| Mr G Ball | Borders |
| Mr D McCall | Dumfries and Galloway |
| Mr G Ball | Fife |
| Mr TR Watkins | Forth Valley |
| Miss CE Dawson | Grampian |
| Dr LMD Macpherson (representative) | Greater Glasgow |
| Miss CE Dawson | Highland |
| Miss MM Taylor | Lanarkshire |
| Mr R Naysmith (representative) | Lothian |
| Mrs M Nelson | Orkney |
| Mr M Collins | Shetland |
| Mr MCW Merrett | Tayside |
| Mrs C MacMillan | Western Isles |
| Health Board Co-ordinators | Health Board |
|---|---|
| Mr AC Gerrish | Argyll and Clyde |
| Mr AJ Swan | Ayrshire and Arran |
| Mr DW Clouting | Borders |
| Miss LS Gilliat | Dumfries and Galloway |
| Mrs J Logan | Fife |
| Mr R Maxwell | Forth Valley |
| Mr MCW Merrett | Grampian |
| Mr A Kippen | Greater Glasgow |
| Mr M Shaw | Highland |
| Miss MC Dyet | Lanarkshire |
| Mrs C Wight | Lothian |
| Mrs M Nelson | Orkney |
| Mr M Collins | Shetland |
| Miss MMT Curnow | Tayside |
| Mrs C MacMillan | Western Isles |
| Dental Examiners/Scribes | Health Board |
|---|---|
| Mr R Lawson/Miss A Campbell | Argyll and Clyde |
| Miss A Stoker/Mrs M Hutchison | Argyll and Clyde |
| Mr D Watson/Miss N Porter | Argyll and Clyde |
| Mr A Swan/Miss C MacClure | Ayrshire and Arran |
| Mrs C Anderson/Miss A Richardson | Borders |
| Mrs M Land/Mrs L Dumper | Borders |
| Miss C Oliver/Mrs K Paxton | Dumfries and Galloway |
| Mr L Seath/Mrs A Paul | Dumfries and Galloway |
| Mr D Knaggs/Mrs G Mair | Fife |
| Mrs J Logan/Miss E Pye | Fife |
| Mr R Maxwell/Miss K Pitt | Forth Valley |
| Mrs M Macdonald/Mrs E Kerr | Forth Valley |
| Miss C Doran/Miss D Lawson | Grampian |
| Miss F Reid/Miss G Clarke | Grampian |
| Mr R Stuart/Mrs M Laird | Grampian |
| Mrs M Barr/Mrs J Strong | Greater Glasgow |
| Miss T Dunseath/Mrs S Kennedy | Greater Glasgow |
| Miss T Grainger/Mrs S Ferguson | Greater Glasgow |
| Mrs A Macmillan/Miss R Nicol | Greater Glasgow |
| Mrs G O'Mailley/Mrs S Kennedy | Greater Glasgow |
| Mr C Williams/Mrs M Trotter | Greater Glasgow |
| Mrs C Temple/Miss N Anderson | Highland |
| Mr J Shankland/Mrs M Robertson | Highland |
| Mr A Bewick/Mrs S Dorrian | Lanarkshire |
| Mrs A McKay/Mrs C Taylor | Lanarkshire |
| Mrs Y Millar/Mrs M Hope | Lanarkshire |
| Mr J Morrison/Miss J Kerr | Lanarkshire |
| Miss M Shand/Mrs M Brown | Lanarkshire |
| Miss M Campbell/Mrs E Gilhooly | Lothian |
| Mr J McConnachie/Mrs M Slane | Lothian |
| Mr D Sampson/Miss M Murdie | Lothian |
| Mrs M Nelson/Mrs S Leask | Orkney |
| Mr M Collins/Miss C Leask | Shetland |
| Miss M Curnow/Mrs B Ritchie | Tayside |
| Miss G Macaulay/Miss S Keddie | Tayside |
| Mr G Macleod/Miss A Macleod | Western Isles |
| Calibration Course Staff | Title |
|---|---|
| Mr MCW Merrett (Tayside Health Board) | Organiser |
| Professor NB Pitts (Dental Health Services Research Unit) | Co-ordinator and Examiner Training |
| Dr C Pine Examiner (Dental Health Services Research Unit) | Training |
| Professor K Stephen (Glasgow Dental Hospital and School) | Adviser |
| Dr HE Fyffe (Dental Health Services Research Unit) | Organisation, Data Collection and Calibration |
| Dr E Broumley (Dental Health Services Research Unit) | Data Collection and Calibration |
| Ms JA Davies (Dental Health Services Research Unit) | Data Collection and Calibration |
| Mrs P Schmid (Dental Health Services Research Unit) | Data Collection and Calibration |
| Mrs G Topping (Dental Health Services Research Uni) | Data Collection and Calibration |
| Ms N Collins (CDS Vocational Trainee) | Observer |
Organisational assistance was provided by staff of the Community Dental Service, Perth and Kinross Healthcare NHS Trust
| Title/Staff | Unit |
|---|---|
| Data Processing | |
| Ms JA Davies with data entry assistance from Mrs P Schmid | (both Dental Health Services Research Unit) and Ms A Nicoll |
| Analyses and Report Preparation | |
| Ms JA Davies | (Dental Health Services Research Unit) |
| Dr HE Fyffe | (Dental Health Services Research Unit) |
| Professor NB Pitts | (Dental Health Services Research Unit) |
Appendix B
Training and calibration
The training and calibration course for this third SHBDEP survey of 12 year old school children was once again undertaken in Perth, as this provides a suitable, central location for all participating Health Boards.
A large number of people were, as usual, involved in the organisation and undertaking of the training and calibration and two separate courses were needed to accommodate all 37* examining teams. The first course was held on Monday and Tuesday the 4th and 5th of November 1996, with the second following on Thursday and Friday the 7th and 8th of November 1996. The courses were undertaken in a hotel in Perth and followed the schedules used in previous years. Illustrated training sessions on the codes and criteria, updated to include the latest modifications from BASCD, and using the UK BASCD Trainers' Pack (Mitropoulos, Pitts; Deery, 1992) were followed by discussion sessions. Clinical training sessions were undertaken using school children on the morning of the second day of each course, and were followed by calibration sessions in the afternoon. Final discussions were held on completion of the calibration. The course organiser was Mr MCW Merrett and the training was provided by Professor NB Pitts and his colleagues from the DHSRU.
Perth Grammar School (Rector, Mr Douglas D Bader) kindly allowed the training and calibration courses to take place on the premises. Without the cooperation of the children, their parents and the staff of the school the courses could not take place. The Scottish Health Boards' Dental Epidemiological Programme is grateful to them all.
Reference
Pine C, Pitts NB; Deery C. BASCD Trainers' Pack for Caries Prevalence Studies, 1992/93, amended 1996. University of Dundee.
*Only 36 teams took part in the survey examinations.
Appendix C
Table C1 Inter-dentist agreement from calibration trial.
| Group | A | B | C | D |
| Number of dentists | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Number of subjects | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
| Decayed Teeth (D3T) | ||||
| Mean | 0.63 | 0.42 | 0.78 | 0.22 |
| Standard deviation | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.1 |
| Range | 0.40-0.80 | 0.22-0.67 | 0.56-1.00 | 0.10-0.40 |
| Coefficient of variation | 0.2 | 0.34 | 0.2 | 0.44 |
| Filled Teeth (FT) | ||||
| Mean | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.72 | 1.43 |
| Standard deviation | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.07 |
| Range | 0.20-0.50 | 0.33-0.78 | 0.56-0.89 | 1.30-1.50 |
| Coefficient of variation | 0.2 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.05 |
| Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (D3MFT) | ||||
| Mean | 1.03 | 1.43 | 2.7 | 2.26 |
| Standard deviation | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.07 |
| Range | 0.80-1.30 | 0.89-2.11 | 2.44-3.00 | 2.20-2.40 |
| Coefficient of variation | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.03 |
| Kappa (surfaces) | ||||
| Mean | 0.9 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.9 |
| Standard deviation | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Range | 0.84-0.95 | 0.70-0.99 | 0.81-0.91 | 0.80-0.97 |
| Kappa (teeth) | ||||
| Mean | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.88 |
| Standard deviation | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
| Range | 0.58-0.91 | 0.40-0.91 | 0.74-0.96 | 0.77-1.00 |
Note: The low Kappa values for teeth obtained in group B are partly due to a number of missing molar teeth in this sample about which there was disagreement on which teeth were missing and the reason for their absence.
Table C2 Intra-dentist agreement as assessed by Kappa and Dice Similarity measure (value of 1 denotes perfect agreement and value of 0 denotes no agreement).
| Dentist | No. | Teeth | Surfaces | ||||
| Subjects | Kappa | Dice | Kappa | Dice | |||
| Examined | D | F | D | F | |||
| 1 | 13 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
| 3 | 9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 4 | 39 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
| 5 | 13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 6 | 13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 1.00 |
| 7 | 9 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.67 | 1.00 |
| 8 | 14 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.96 |
| 9 | 17 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.89 |
| 10 | 13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 |
| 11 | 14 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12 | 18 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.85 |
| 15 | 14 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.79 | 0.97 |
| 16 | 13 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 0.78 | 0.75 |
| 17 | 16 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.53 | 0.92 |
| 18 | 18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 19 | 17 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.71 | 0.98 |
| 20 | 21 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
| 21 | 18 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.97 |
| 22 | 20 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
| 23 | 11 | 0.72 | 0.00* | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.00* | 0.77 |
| 24 | 15 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.80 |
| 25 | 23 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
| 26 | 15 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.90 |
| 27 | 20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 28 | 20 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
| 29 | 20 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.80 | 0.92 |
| 30 | 15 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.96 |
| 31 | 18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.00 |
| 32 | 17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 33 | 18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 34 | 19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35 | 27 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 36 | 27 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 37 | 19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 38 | 18 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.88 |
*Note: Only two decayed surfaces recorded at first examination but none at repeat examination.
Appendix D
Codes used for assessment of caries and sealants
| Tooth Codes | |
| Extracted (caries) | 6 |
| Extracted (ortho) | 7 |
| Unerupted | U |
| Missing (trauma) | T |
| Surface Codes | |
| Present and "sound" | G |
| Arrested, dentine caries | 1 |
| Decayed, dentine visual | 2V |
| Decayed, dentine cavity | 2C |
| Unrestorable | 3 |
| Filled and decayed | 4 |
| Filled, no decay | F |
| Filled, needs replacing | R |
| Sealed surface | $ |
| Obvious sealant restoration | N |
| Crown/advanced procedure | C |
| Excluded | 9 |
| Trauma, fracture | T |
| Trauma, treated | X |
| Trauma, discoloured | Y |
Appendix E
Abbreviations used for Health Boards
| Argyll and Clyde | A&C |
| Ayrshire and Arran | A&A |
| Borders | Bor |
| Dumfries and Galloway | D&G |
| Fife | Fif |
| Forth Valley | FV |
| Grampian | Gra |
| Greater Glasgow | GG |
| Highland | Hig |
| Lanarkshire | Lan |
| Lothian | Loth |
| Orkney | Ork |
| Shetland | Shet |
| Tayside | Tay |
| Western Isles | WI |
Appendix F
Comparison of D3MFT in 1992/93 with 1996/97 with confidence limits Decayed, missing and filled teeth (D3MFT) in 12 year old Scottish children in 1992/3 and 1996/7 - a comparison showing mean values and estimated 95% confidence limits. (Decay defined as decay into dentine).
Appendix G
Tooth and surface caries results and dental trauma
Table G1 Mean number of surfaces decayed (D3S) missing* (MS) filled** (FS) sealed ($S) and with sealant restorations (NS) per child for each Health Board. Decay defined as decay into dentine.
| Health Board | D3S | MS | FS | D3FS | $S | NS |
| Argyll and Clyde | 1.3 | 1.02 | 1.38 | 2.68 | 2.13 | 0.04 |
| Ayrshire and Arran | 0.54 | 0.43 | 1.74 | 2.28 | 1.44 | 0 |
| Borders | 0.87 | 0.45 | 0.69 | 1.56 | 1.22 | 0 |
| Dumfries and Galloway | 1.15 | 0.75 | 0.9 | 2.05 | 1.11 | 0.01 |
| Fife | 1.89 | 1.26 | 1.36 | 3.26 | 2.13 | 0.02 |
| Forth Valley | 0.71 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 1.69 | 2.78 | 0.02 |
| Grampian | 0.86 | 0.54 | 1.17 | 2.02 | 1.19 | 0.01 |
| Greater Glasgow | 2.17 | 1.19 | 1.52 | 3.69 | 1.54 | 0.04 |
| Highland | 1.71 | 0.75 | 0.96 | 2.67 | 2.5 | 0.01 |
| Lanarkshire | 1.65 | 0.92 | 1.77 | 3.41 | 2.14 | 0.02 |
| Lothian | 0.74 | 0.45 | 0.97 | 1.71 | 1.71 | 0.02 |
| Orkney | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.7 | 0.94 | 5.54 | 0.01 |
| Shetland | 0.35 | 0.35 | 1.25 | 1.6 | 6.21 | 0.04 |
| Tayside | 0.99 | 0.75 | 1.29 | 2.28 | 2.16 | 0.02 |
| Western Isles | 1.31 | 1.05 | 2.2 | 3.51 | 3.27 | 0.13 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 1.31 | 0.83 | 1.33 | 2.64 | 1.87 | 0.02 |
* 4 surfaces are counted for a missing anterior and 5 for a missing posterior tooth
**Filled surfaces include FS RS and NS
Dental Trauma
This study recorded 9 teeth lost due to trauma in 9 subjects who were all boys. Six of these teeth were upper incisors, the remaining 3 were lower incisors.
384 teeth in 320 subjects were recorded as present but displaying trauma. The maximum number of traumatised teeth in any subject was six. Traumatised teeth were predominantly maxillary (86%) and incisors in all but two cases. Overall 5.2% of the sample was affected by trauma (6.2% of boys, 4.2% of girls). This represents a decrease in the recorded level of trauma in Scottish 12 year olds since the previous survey in 1992/93 (Pitts, Fyffe, Nugent; Smith, 1993) in which 7% of the sample were recorded as being affected by trauma. Regions differed in the frequency of children affected by trauma, from a low of 3.6% in Dumfries and Galloway to a high of 9.4% in Grampian. This range is not dissimilar to that recorded for 12 year old children in 1992/93.
Table G2 Distribution of decay by tooth surface (m=mesial o=occlusal d=distal b=buccal l=lingual): total decay (D) and filled (F) as a % of total D3FS by Health Board. Decay defined as decay into dentine.
Table G2a
| Health Board | m-D % |
o-D % |
d-D % |
b-D % |
l-D % |
| Argyll & Clyde | 9.4 | 18.5 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 8.2 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 3.9 | 8.4 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 4.8 |
| Borders | 7.3 | 27.4 | 4.8 | 8.2 | 8.0 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 7.5 | 27.1 | 4.7 | 8.1 | 8.5 |
| Fife | 8.0 | 24.1 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 12.7 |
| Forth Valley | 6.4 | 19.1 | 3.5 | 7.0 | 5.8 |
| Grampian | 6.2 | 18.1 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 7.0 |
| Greater Glasgow | 9.5 | 24.8 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 9.5 |
| Highland | 6.2 | 31.0 | 4.1 | 10.4 | 12.3 |
| Lanarkshire | 6.8 | 19.7 | 5.6 | 7.3 | 8.9 |
| Lothian | 6.3 | 21.0 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 6.3 |
| Orkney | 4.5 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 3.3 |
| Shetland | 3.7 | 9.0 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 3.5 |
| Tayside | 6.5 | 21.9 | 3.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
| Western Isles | 6.0 | 15.1 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 7.2 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 7.1 | 20.8 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 8.0 |
Table G2b
| Health Board | m-F % |
o-F % |
d-F % |
b-F % |
l-F % |
| Argyll & Clyde | 8.6 | 28.1 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 5.4 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 11.0 | 44.5 | 3.8 | 8.7 | 8.3 |
| Borders | 2.9 | 21.8 | 4.6 | 9.2 | 5.8 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 5.5 | 28.7 | 1.8 | 5.1 | 3.0 |
| Fife | 4.8 | 22.6 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 7.2 |
| Forth Valley | 7.2 | 27.6 | 4.7 | 10.3 | 8.4 |
| Grampian | 7.2 | 32.3 | 3.8 | 7.5 | 6.8 |
| Greater Glasgow | 5.3 | 21.1 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.0 |
| Highland | 4.9 | 17.6 | 3.0 | 6.2 | 4.3 |
| Lanarkshire | 7.4 | 24.9 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 7.8 |
| Lothian | 5.2 | 31.4 | 5.3 | 8.3 | 6.7 |
| Orkney | 7.3 | 42.4 | 2.4 | 11.8 | 10.2 |
| Shetland | 9.4 | 41.7 | 4.8 | 14.7 | 7.4 |
| Tayside | 6.8 | 31.1 | 2.9 | 8.2 | 7.3 |
| Western Isles | 7.6 | 28.6 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 9.0 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 6.6 | 28.0 | 4.2 | 7.0 | 6.5 |
Figure 3
Appendix H
Deciduous dentition
Table H1 Presence of deciduous teeth by Health Board.
| Health Board | % of children with deciduous teeth |
|
| Argyll & Clyde | 38.3 | 3.77 | 0.99 | 0.19 | 1.17 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 41.4 | 3.84 | 0.71 | 0.28 | 0.99 |
| Borders | 54.3 | 4.07 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 1.15 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 43.7 | 3.93 | 0.84 | 0.24 | 1.08 |
| Fife | 43.4 | 3.91 | 0.83 | 0.22 | 1.06 |
| Forth Valley | 43.9 | 3.40 | 0.71 | 0.27 | 0.98 |
| Grampian | 42.9 | 3.81 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 1.01 |
| Greater Glasgow | 41.3 | 3.48 | 0.79 | 0.20 | 0.99 |
| Highland | 46.2 | 3.57 | 0.73 | 0.37 | 1.10 |
| Lanarkshire | 40.8 | 3.60 | 0.81 | 0.25 | 1.06 |
| Lothian | 44.3 | 4.39 | 0.76 | 0.39 | 1.15 |
| Orkney | 40.6 | 4.34 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 1.13 |
| Shetland | 43.5 | 3.92 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 1.18 |
| Tayside | 42.2 | 3.71 | 0.69 | 0.38 | 1.08 |
| Western Isles | 44.4 | 3.63 | 1.06 | 0.40 | 1.46 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 42.4 | 3.78 | 0.77 | 0.29 | 1.06 |
42.4% of the 12 year old children examined still had one or more deciduous teeth (Health Board range 38.3% - 46.2%). Over half (56%) of deciduous teeth still present were second deciduous molars (Es), with deciduous canines (Cs) and first deciduous molars (Ds) accounting for 26% and 18% respectively. In total almost a quarter of the deciduous teeth still present were either decayed or filled, with the majority of the decay experience being located in the Es, which accounted for 73% of the decay present and 83% of the fillings.
Table H1 presents, for each Health Board, the percentage of 12 year olds with one or more deciduous teeth. Those children with deciduous teeth had on average 3.78 deciduous teeth (range 3.40 - 4.39). The mean number of deciduous teeth which were decayed (d3t), filled (ft) and decayed and filled (d3ft) are also presented in the Table.
Appendix I
Oral cleanliness
Table I1 Mean plaque scores and distribution of total plaque scores for each Health Board.
Table I1a
| Health Board | Mean | s.d. | valid cases |
| Argyll & Clyde | 0.38 | 0.36 | 418 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 0.28 | 0.32 | 335 |
| Borders | 0.25 | 0.30 | 263 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 0.47 | 0.34 | 247 |
| Fife | 0.30 | 0.36 | 373 |
| Forth Valley | 0.24 | 0.32 | 285 |
| Grampian | 0.12 | 0.22 | 423 |
| Greater Glasgow | 0.39 | 0.34 | 1127 |
| Highland | 0.20 | 0.29 | 273 |
| Lanarkshire | 0.31 | 0.32 | 832 |
| Lothian | 0.32 | 0.34 | 532 |
| Orkney | 0.16 | 0.22 | 260 |
| Shetland | 0.14 | 0.23 | 271 |
| Tayside | 0.35 | 0.36 | 346 |
| Western Isles | 0.20 | 0.25 | 162 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 0.31 | 0.38 |
Table I1b
| Health Board | % of children with each total plaque score for those children with 6 teeth scored
|
Valid Cases |
| Argyll & Clyde | 36 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 373 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 43 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 310 |
| Borders | 39 | 24 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 246 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 19 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 9 | 13 | 225 |
| Fife | 47 | 16 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 326 |
| Forth Valley | 50 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 256 |
| Grampian | 65 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 387 |
| Greater Glasgow | 28 | 17 | 17 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 979 |
| Highland | 56 | 13 | 13 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 253 |
| Lanarkshire | 35 | 18 | 16 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 731 |
| Lothian | 38 | 12 | 15 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 7 | 490 |
| Orkney | 53 | 20 | 15 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 249 |
| Shetland | 64 | 13 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 263 |
| Tayside | 41 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 324 |
| Western Isles | 49 | 18 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 142 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 41 | 15 | 14 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 8 |
Notes:
- Each index tooth recorded as 0 (no plaque present) or 1 (plaque present)
- Mean score=(total for recorded index teeth) / (number of index teeth)
- Index teeth UR1 UL6 LR6 LL1 LL6 - no substitution if index tooth not present
- Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding errors
Appendix J
Developmental defects of enamel (SCOTS2/DDE)The frequencies of the three types of anomalies in each Health Board are shown in Table J1. There are notable differences between Boards for all types of opacities, for example the proportion of demarcated opacities varies from 5.2% to 26.5%. The all Scotland value for the proportion of demarcated opacities recorded has fallen from 17.0% in the previous survey of this age group to 13.9% in the present survey. The recorded diffuse opacities have increased slightly from 14.0% to 17.8% whilst hypoplasias remain at a relatively low level (1.7%). Of those who had diffuse opacities, just over two-thirds had symmetrical opacities. Only 12.8% of those with diffuse opacities were deemed to reach an aesthetic impact threshold.
The frequencies of SCOTS2 classification, by Health Board, are presented in Table J2. There has been no substantial change in the percentage of children with no developmental defects of enamel, as classified by SCOTS2, a slight decrease in the frequency of demarcated opacities and a slight increase in the frequency of diffuse opacities. 36% of those with SCOTS2 code 1 - 7 said they had marks on their teeth which wouldn't brush off, but even more children claimed awareness of marks (712 vs 619) when none were recorded.
It is possible that the variations in values seen between 1992/93 and 1996/97 relate, in part, to examiner variability. It is therefore essential to understand that the values presented in Tables J1 - J3 should only be taken as a broad indication of the levels of developmental defects of enamel in these children. Note also the method of calculating the extent of defects has also been modified in SCOTS2.
Table J1. Percentage of children with demarcated opacities, diffuse opacities and hypoplasias on upper incisors, by Health Board (this is tooth data and scores for all 4 incisors counted).| Health Board | % with demarcated opacities | % with diffuse opacities | % of children with diffuse opacities who had:
|
% with hypoplasias | Sample |
| Argyll & Clyde | 16.2 | 16.7 | 9.1 | 68.7 | 3.6 | 420 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 10.1 | 27.8 | 2.1 | 69.1 | 0.6 | 338 |
| Borders | 13.2 | 18.9 | 16.3 | 69.4 | 0.8 | 265 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 9.7 | 11.3 | 14.3 | 60.7 | 1.6 | 247 |
| Fife | 14.2 | 15.3 | 19.3 | 84.2 | 2.4 | 373 |
| Forth Valley | 11.8 | 31.7 | 8.9 | 78.8 | 2.8 | 287 |
| Grampian | 9.7 | 9.9 | 23.8 | 64.3 | - | 424 |
| Greater Glasgow | 16.4 | 17.4 | 18.0 | 69.9 | 1.9 | 1129 |
| Highland | 13.9 | 12.8 | - | 82.9 | 1.8 | 273 |
| Lanarkshire | 12.8 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 80.0 | 1.1 | 836 |
| Lothian | 21.8 | 24.0 | 19.5 | 57.8 | 2.4 | 533 |
| Orkney | 17.6 | 19.9 | 9.6 | 63.5 | 3.1 | 261 |
| Shetland | 5.2 | 22.9 | 9.7 | 62.9 | 0.7 | 271 |
| Tayside | 6.4 | 18.5 | 7.8 | 62.5 | 0.9 | 346 |
| Western Isles | 26.5 | 16.0 | 7.7 | 46.2 | 1.2 | 162 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 13.9 | 17.8 | 12.8 | 68.2 | 1.7 |
Note: A child who had a combination of developmental defects eg diffuse and demarcated will be included in this table on more than one occasion e.g. if a child was scored as having a SCOTS/DDE classification of 7 (demarcated & diffuse & hypoplastic) they would feature in the table under each of the individual defect types.
Table J2 Frequencies of SCOTS2 classifications by Health Board (each individual is scored for the highest single value [excluding 9] assigned).
Table J2a
| % | % Demarcated | % Diffuse | % Hyoplasia | |
| SCOTS2/DDE Index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Health Board | ||||
| Argyll & Clyde | 68.6 | 12.6 | 13.8 | 2.7 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 65.5 | 6.3 | 24.9 | - |
| Borders | 71.3 | 8.5 | 16.3 | - |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 81.7 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 1.2 |
| Fife | 74.2 | 9.0 | 11.5 | 0.8 |
| Forth Valley | 60.6 | 6.0 | 26.8 | 1.1 |
| Grampian | 76.7 | 11.2 | 11.8 | - |
| Greater Glasgow | 68.8 | 12.3 | 15.2 | 1.0 |
| Highland | 77.2 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 0.4 |
| Lanarkshire | 77.5 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 0.7 |
| Lothian | 59.6 | 14.1 | 19.0 | 0.6 |
| Orkney | 65.9 | 11.0 | 15.7 | 1.2 |
| Shetland | 73.7 | 2.6 | 21.4 | 0.8 |
| Tayside | 76.8 | 3.8 | 17.0 | 0.6 |
| Western Isles | 61.7 | 21.6 | 13.6 | 0.6 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 70.5 | 10.1 | 15.3 | 0.8 |
Table J2b
|
% with SCOTS2 code 1-7 who were aware of marks on their teeth* | Sample |
| Argyll & Clyde | 2.4 | 28.0 | 414 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 3.3 | 30.7 | 333 |
| Borders | 3.5 | 43.7 | 258 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 2.0 | 38.6 | 246 |
| Fife | 4.4 | 35.1 | 365 |
| Forth Valley | 5.6 | 32.7 | 284 |
| Grampian | 0.3 | 51.3 | 347 |
| Greater Glasgow | 2.7 | 36.8 | 1109 |
| Highland | 5.5 | 41.0 | 272 |
| Lanarkshire | 1.7 | 36.5 | 817 |
| Lothian | 6.7 | 33.2 | 510 |
| Orkney | 6.3 | 37.6 | 255 |
| Shetland | 1.5 | 35.3 | 266 |
| Tayside | 1.8 | 32.9 | 341 |
| Western Isles | 2.5 | 41.0 | 162 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 3.2 |
*based on those for whom an answer was available
Table J3 Percentage of observations with each extent of defect (measured in thirds of crown surface) with a combination of defects not included.
| Developmental defect | <1/3 | 1/3 - 2/3 | >2/3 | No of teeth in sample |
| Demarcated | 94.8 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 986 |
| Diffuse | 77.2 | 17.1 | 5.7 | 2336 |
| Hypoplasia | 76.9 | 10.3 | 12.8 | 78 |
Note: data unweighted
This table (J3) is not comparable with data from the 1992/93 survey of 12 year olds or the 1994/95 survey of 14 year olds. Data on the coalesced extent of a defect (as well as type) is now collected for each upper incisor and each tooth is considered separately for the above table. Previously the extent was recorded (in thirds of crown surface) as the maximum extent on any of the four index teeth.
Appendix K
Orthodontic assessmentThe proportion of children who were recorded as having a need for orthodontic treatment varies across the country for both aesthetic need and dental health need, as defined by the criteria. Around one-seventh of children (13.6%) were recorded as having an aesthetic need for orthodontic treatment, although this figure varied from 9.5% in Ayrshire and Arran to 25.1% in Shetland. Just over one-third of the 12 year olds examined (36.2%) were determined to have a need for orthodontic treatment on dental health grounds, although this figure varied widely across Scotland from 27.1% in Ayrshire and Arran to 62.3% in Highland. Only a very small proportion of the 12 year olds examined were classified as having an aesthetic need for orthodontic treatment which was not associated with a dental health need (1.1%). It is possible that this breadth of spread of assessment of need may, in part, be related to examiner variability and therefore it is important to understand that these figures can only serve to give a broad overview of the level of orthodontic treatment need in Scottish 12 year old children.
The children were asked to complete a questionnaire which included questions regarding whether they thought they would like to have their teeth straightened and if so whether they would be prepared to wear an orthodontic appliance (brace). Almost a fifth (19.3%) of the sample who were recorded as having a malocclusion which required orthodontic treatment claimed they would like to have their teeth straightened. A small proportion (3.5%) recorded as having an orthodontic treatment need claimed they would like to have their teeth straightened but did not want to wear a brace.
Table K1 Orthodontic treatment need, by Health Board, as measured by the IOTN.
| Health Board | % with Aesthetic Component >8 | % with malocclusion at DHC=1 | % of sample with Aesthetic Component >8, but no malocclusion | % of sample with malocclusion at DHC=1 who would like teeth straightened (no brace at present) | % of sample with malocclusion at DHC=1 who would like teeth straightened (no brace at present) but don’t want a brace |
| Argyll & Clyde | 17.9 | 40.2 | 1.2 | 21.4 | 3.8 |
| Ayrshire & Arran | 9.5 | 27.1 | 0.3 | 14.8 | 2.7 |
| Borders | 11.3 | 32.5 | 0.8 | 18.1 | 2.7 |
| Dumfries & Galloway | 13.4 | 39.1 | 0.8 | 21.2 | 4.4 |
| Fife | 14.7 | 33.2 | 1.1 | 15.0 | 1.6 |
| Forth Valley | 15.0 | 36.1 | 1.1 | 21.0 | 2.1 |
| Grampian | 13.2 | 31.1 | 1.0 | 16.1 | 2.8 |
| Greater Glasgow | 15.0 | 40.9 | 3.0 | 20.9 | 5.2 |
| Highland | 14.3 | 37.7 | 1.1 | 17.4 | 2.3 |
| Lanarkshire | 11.5 | 39.7 | 0.5 | 20.3 | 3.8 |
| Lothian | 10.1 | 30.9 | 0.4 | 19.4 | 3.2 |
| Orkney | 17.3 | 40.9 | 0.4 | 18.6 | 3.3 |
| Shetland | 25.1 | 47.2 | 0.4 | 24.5 | 5.6 |
| Tayside | 17.1 | 40.2 | 0.9 | 23.1 | 4.6 |
| Western Isles | 12.3 | 35.6 | 0.6 | 12.2 | 3.2 |
| Scotland (weighted values) | 13.6 | 36.2 | 1.1 | 19.3 | 3.5 |
Percentages based on those for whom a valid value could be recorded for each variable used
Appendix L
Map of D3MFT results for 12 year olds in Scotland, 1996/97
Appendix M
Map of D3MFT results for 12 year olds in Great Britain, 1992/93
Return to Report of the 1996/97 Survey of 12 Year Old Children index.
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